Volume 2, Issue 2 (5-2022)                   HASES 2022, 2(2): 177-187 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Amini A, Porali fatide S, Salehi M, Avazpour S, ghabelnezam A. Effect of mental imagery and motor representation strategies on acquisition and retention of shooting skills: a RCT trial. HASES 2022; 2 (2) :177-187
URL: http://hasesjournal.com/article-1-51-en.html
1- Assistant Professor, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran , aminamini@ihu.ac.ir
2- Instructor of Sports Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
3- PhD student, Motor Behavior, Faculty Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
4- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Department of Sports Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract:   (1021 Views)
Shooters typically make great efforts to strengthen their physical and motor abilities, but are often less aware of the cognitive and psychological factors that affect their performance and skill performance. Therefore, it seems that shooters, especially novice shooters, are not very familiar with the mental skills related to shooting and pay less attention to mental training. However, cognitive training has recently been recognized as one of the basic skills required in perceptual-motor activities. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of training cognitive imaging strategies versus training of motor representation strategies on the acquisition and retention of shooting skills. This randomized controlled clinical trial study was performed on 45 undergraduate military science students with an age limit of 18 to 25 years, studying in the second semester of 1997-98. Subjects were randomly selected from a university of military sciences in Tehran and randomly divided into three groups of mental imagery, motor representation and control using a table of random numbers. The intervention groups received a three-week mental imagery training program, motor representation along with shooting training (five sessions per week). The control group only participated in shooting training. In order to evaluate the performance of shooters in the pre-test, post-test and memorization stages, a SCAT machine was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20 software and p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that both cognitive imaging and motor representation interventions had a significant effect on improving the record of novice military shooters (P≤0.05). The results showed that although there was no significant difference between motor representation and cognitive imaging groups in the post-test stage, however, a significant difference was observed between the motor representation and cognitive imaging groups (P = 0.006) in the retention stage. The results show that cognitive imagery and motor representation interventions can improve the performance of novice military shooters, although motor representation is more likely to be effective than cognitive imagery
Full-Text [PDF 863 kb]   (266 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Motor behavior
Received: 2022/06/7 | Accepted: 2022/05/31 | Published: 2022/05/31

References
1. Members may also deposit reference lists here too. Akbarzadeh, Behrooz. Zareian, Ehsan. Siavashi, the goddess. Moghaddam, Soodabeh. (1397). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Motion Imaging Questionnaire - 3 adolescents. Educational Measurement Quarterly: 9 (33). 125-153.
2. Amini Amin, Preacher Mousavi Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Naji Morteza (1397). The effect of quiet eye training on improving the performance of military novice shooters - controlled randomized clinical trial. Journal of Military Medicine. 20 (6): 626-634.
3. Shafizadeh, Mohsen, Comparison of sports self-confidence among athletes in boxing, weightlifting and its correlation with elite and training history, 2000, M.Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Moallem University.
4. Mohsenpour, Farhad, A Comparison of Competitive State Anxiety of Male Athletes in Individual and Group Fields of Khuzestan Schools Championships, 2002, M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz
5. Antonietti, A. & Colombo, B. (2011). Mental Imagery as a Strategy to Enhance Creativity in Children. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 31(1), 63-77. [DOI:10.2190/IC.31.1-2.g]
6. Antonietti, A. Cerana, P. & Scafidi, L. (1994). Mental visualization before and after problem presentation: A comparison. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 179-189. [DOI:10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.179]
7. Barolo, E. Masini, R. & Antonietti, A. (1990). Mental rotation of solid objects and problem-solving in sighted and blind subjects. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14(3-4), 65-74.
8. Bernstein (Bernštejn) N. A. (1947). O postrojenii dviženij (On the structure of movements). Mozkva: Medgiz. English translation: Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The Co-Ordination and Regulation of Movements. University of Michigan: Pergamon Press
9. Bridge H, Harrold S, Holmes EA, (2012). Stokes M, Kennard C. Vivid visual mental imagery in the absence of the primary visual cortex. J Neurol : 259(6):1062-70. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6299-z [DOI:10.1007/s00415-011-6299-z]
10. Callow N, Hardy L. (2001). Types of imagery associated with sport confidence in netball players of varying skills. Journal of Appl Sport Psychol; 13: 1-17. [DOI:10.1080/10413200109339001]
11. Cerioli, L. & Antonietti, A. (1993). Lo sviluppo del pensiero creativo [Developing creative thinking]. Età Evolutiva, 45, 22-34.
12. Cumming J. Williams S. E. (2012). "The role of imagery in performance," in The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology, ed Murphy S. M. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press; ), 213-232 [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731763.013.0011]
13. Denis M. (1985). Visual imagery and the use of mental practice in the development of motor skills. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences;10(4):45-165.
14. Driskell JE, Copper C, Moran A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of applied psychology.79(4):481. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.481 [DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.481]
15. DriskeLl, J.E. Copper, C. & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology. 79, 481-492. [DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.481]
16. Fourtassi, M. Rode, G. & Pisella, L. (2017). Using eye movements to explore mental representations of space. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 60(3), 160-163. [DOI:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.03.001]
17. Hall, C. R. Rodgers, W. M. & Barr, K. A. (1990). The Use of Imagery by Athletes in Selected Sports, The Sport Psychologist, 4(1), 1-10. [DOI:10.1123/tsp.4.1.1]
18. Holmes PS, Collins DJ. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology; 13(1):60-83. [DOI:10.1080/10413200109339004]
19. Hommel B. Müsseler J. Aschersleben G. Prinz W. (2001). The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): a framework for perception and action planning. Behav. Brain Sci. 24, 849-878 [DOI:10.1017/S0140525X01000103]
20. Kaufmann, G. (1985). A theory of symbolic representation in problem-solving. Journal of Mental Imagery, 9, 51-70.
21. LeBoutillier, N. & Marks, D. F. (2003). Mental imagery and creativity: A meta-analytic review study. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 29-44. [DOI:10.1348/000712603762842084]
22. Louis M, Guillot A, Maton S, Doyon J, Collet C. (2008). Effect of imagined movement speed on subsequent motor performance. Journal of motor behavior; 40(2):117-32. [DOI:10.3200/JMBR.40.2.117-132]
23. Lupi, G. & Antonietti, A. (2000). Sviluppo della creatività infantile attraverso la sintesi di immagini mentali [Enhancing children creatività through mental image synthesis]. Psicologia dell'Educazione e della Formazione, 2, 353-370.
24. Mast, F. W. Berthoz, A. & Kosslyn, S. M. (2001). Mental Imagery of Visual Motion Modifies the Perception of Roll-Vection Stimulation. Perception, 30(8), 945-957. [DOI:10.1068/p3088]
25. Moriuchi T, Nakashima A, Nakamura J, Anan K, Nishi K, Matsuo T, Hasegawa T, Mitsunaga W, Iso N and Higashi T (2020) The Vividness of Motor Imagery Is Correlated With Corticospinal Excitability During Combined Motor Imagery and Action Observation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14:581652. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.581652 [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2020.581652]
26. Murphy SM. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: A review. J Mental Imag;14:153-72
27. Pearson J, Naselaris T, Holmes EA, Kosslyn SM. Mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Cogn Sci (2015) 19(10):590-602. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003 [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003]
28. Pearson, J. Naselaris, T. Holmes, E. A. & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). Mental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(10), 590-602. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003]
29. Poppele R. Bosco G. (2003). Sophisticated spinal contributions to motor control. Trends Neurosci. 26, 269-276 10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00073-0 [DOI:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00073-0]
30. Reilly, T. & Gilbourne, D. (2003). Science and football: a review of applied research in the football codes. Journal of sports sciences, 21(9), 693-705. [DOI:10.1080/0264041031000102105]
31. Rogers RG. (2006). Mental practice and acquisition of motor skills: examples from sports training and surgical education. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America; 33(2):297-304. [DOI:10.1016/j.ogc.2006.02.004]
32. Schack T, Essig K, Frank C and Koester D (2014) Mental representation and motor imagery training. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:328. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00328 [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00328]
33. Schack T. Ritter H. (2009). "The cognitive nature of action - functional links between cognitive psychology, movement science and robotics," in Progress in Brain Research: Mind and Motion - The Bidirectional Link between Thought and Action, eds Raab M. Johnson J. Heukeren H. (Amsterdam: Elsevier;), 231-252 [DOI:10.1016/S0079-6123(09)01319-3]
34. Schack, T. Essig, K. Frank, C. & Koester, D. (2014). Mental representation and motor imagery training. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 328. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00328]
35. Shelton, A.L. Pippitt, and H.A. (2006). Motion in the mind's eye: Comparing mental and visual rotation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 6, 323-332. [DOI:10.3758/CABN.6.4.323]
36. Shepard, R. N. (1978). Externalization of mental images and the act of creation. In B. S. Randhawa & W. E. Coffman (Eds.), Visual learning, thinking and communication (pp. 133-189). San Francisco, CA: Academic Press.
37. Skottnik L and Linden DEJ (2019) Mental Imagery and Brain Regulation-New Links between Psychotherapy and Neuroscience. Front. Psychiatry 10:779. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00779 [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00779]
38. Syer J, Connolly C. (1984). Sporting body, sporting mind: An athlete's guide to mental training. Cambridge University Press.
39. Thelwell, R. Greenless, I. A. &Weston, J. V. (2010). Examining the use of.psychological skills throughout soccer performance. Journal of sport behavior, 33(12), 109-127.
40. Vine, S. J. Moore, L. J. & Wilson, M. R. (2012). Quiet eye training: the acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills. Eur J Sport Sci, 14 Suppl 1, S235-242. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.683815 [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2012.683815]
41. Weigand DA, Arvinen-Barrow M, Scott T, Hemmings B, Walley M. (2007). Elite and Novice Athletes' Imagery Use in Open and Closed Sports. J Appl Sport Psychol; 19:93-104. [DOI:10.1080/10413200601102912]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 All Rights Reserved | Journal of Humanistic approach to sport and exercise studies

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb